1. Safety assessment of trimellitic anhydride copolymers as used in cosmetics.
Ronald A Hill, Ronald C Shank, Monice M Fiume, Thomas J Slaga, Wilma F Bergfeld, Curtis D Klaassen, Bart Heldreth, James G Marks Jr, Lillian J Gill, Daniel C Liebler, Paul W Snyder, Donald V Belsito. Int J Toxicol. Nov/Dec 2020; 39(3_suppl): 74S-92S. DOI: 10.1177/1091581820958690. PMID: 33203270.
The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Panel) assessed the safety of 6 trimellitic anhydride copolymers as used in cosmetics. These ingredients are related as copolymers in that they all share trimellitic anhydride (ie, 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid anhydride) as a monomer, are reported to function as film formers in cosmetics, and are reported to be primarily used in nail products. Very limited safety data were available or submitted. The Panel concluded that Adipic Acid/Neopentyl Glycol/Trimellitic Anhydride Copolymer and Phthalic Anhydride/Trimellitic Anhydride/Glycols Copolymer are safe in nail product formulations in the present practices of use and concentration, but the data are insufficient to make a determination of safety on the use of these 2 ingredients in all other types of cosmetic formulations. The Panel also concluded that the available data are insufficient to make a determination that the remaining trimellitic anhydride copolymers are safe for use in cosmetic formulations.
2. A review on various maleic anhydride antimicrobial polymers.
Kakarla Raghava Reddy, Akshatha Nagaraja, Anjanapura V Raghu, Yashoda Malgar Puttaiahgowda, Manohara Dhulappa Jalageri. J Microbiol Methods. 2019 Aug; 163: 105650. DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105650. PMID: 31176650.
The basic requirement of human beings is better health but the serious health effects and numerous infections caused by rapid growth of harmful pathogens resulting in a large number of deaths and is a significant challenge to modern science. Microbes infecting humans can be stopped in two ways: disinfectants and antimicrobial agents. There is considerable interest from both academics and industry in antimicrobial polymers due to their favorable properties. Maleic anhydride incredibly bears diverse commercial applications due to its versatile chemical structure. Maleic anhydride is an electron-acceptor monomer where the property comes from reactive double bonds and also reactive anhydride groups. This review presents the development of antimicrobial polymers involving maleic anhydride in the macromolecular structure. This article also addresses the applications of antimicrobial polymers with maleic anhydride in numerous sectors.
3. Limonene-based epoxy: anhydride thermoset reaction study.
Sylvain Caillol, Lérys Granado, Bernard Boutevin, Florent Fanget, Guillaume Couture. Molecules. 2018 Oct 23; 23(11): 2739. DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112739. PMID: 30360571.
The development of epoxy thermosets from renewable resources is of paramount importance in a sustainable development context. In this paper, a novel bio-based epoxy monomer derived from limonene was synthesized without epichlorohydrine and characterized. In fact, this paper depicts the synthesis of bis-limonene oxide (bis-LO). However, intern epoxy rings generally exhibit a poor reactivity and allow reaction with anhydride. Therefore, we used a reaction model with hexahydro-4-methylphthalic anhydride to compare reactivity of terminal and interepoxy functions. We also studied the influence of methyl group on intern epoxy functions. Furthermore, the influence of epoxy:anhydride stoichiometry and initiator amount was studied. These studies allow to propose an optimized formulation of bis-LO. Finally, a bis-LO-based thermoset was obtained and characterized.
